For adults with ADHD, medication can be a crucial part of managing symptoms, such as trouble focusing, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. However, choosing the right medication can feel overwhelming given the many available options. In this blog, we’ll break down the types of medications available, how they work, and what adults with ADHD should consider when starting or adjusting treatment.
Types of ADHD Medications: Stimulants and Non-Stimulants
ADHD medications generally fall into two broad categories: stimulants and non-stimulants.
Stimulants
Stimulants are typically the first-line treatment for ADHD. They work by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain—neurotransmitters involved in attention and focus. The two main stimulant groups are:
- Methylphenidate-based medications: These include widely known options like Ritalin, Concerta, and Daytrana. Methylphenidate works by boosting neurotransmitter levels in areas of the brain that regulate behavior and attention.
- Amphetamine-based medications: Medications like Adderall and Vyvanse fall under this category. They similarly increase dopamine and norepinephrine but are derived from amphetamines.
Stimulants are effective for many adults with ADHD, helping with focus, impulse control, and hyperactivity. However, not everyone responds the same way, and it may take time to find the correct medication and dosage.
Non-Stimulants
Non-stimulant medications are prescribed when stimulants don’t work or cause intolerable side effects. They work differently, often targeting norepinephrine without directly increasing dopamine. Common non-stimulants include:
- Atomoxetine (Strattera): This selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor helps manage symptoms of ADHD by gradually increasing norepinephrine levels, which can aid attention and impulse control.
- Guanfacine (Intuniv) and Clonidine (Kapvay): These medications are alpha-2A agonists and can be used either alone or alongside stimulants. They help improve working memory and control impulsive behaviors.
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Finding the Right Medication
The process of choosing an ADHD medication can involve trial and error. Every adult has a unique neurochemical makeup, so what works well for one person may not work as effectively for another. It’s common for doctors to start patients on a low dose and gradually increase it until the desired effects are achieved with minimal side effects.
How ADHD Medications Work
ADHD medications primarily affect neurotransmitters in the brain that regulate attention and behavior. Stimulants, for instance, are thought to “stimulate” underactive parts of the brain, which can help people with ADHD feel more focused and organized. Despite their name, stimulants often have a calming effect on individuals with ADHD.
Non-stimulants, on the other hand, target different pathways. Atomoxetine, for example, increases norepinephrine levels over time, which can be beneficial for people who don’t respond well to stimulant medications or who have anxiety as a co-occurring condition.
Common Side Effects of ADHD Medications
Like all medications, ADHD treatments come with potential side effects. Stimulants and non-stimulants can cause different reactions:
- Stimulants: Common side effects include decreased appetite, trouble sleeping, stomach aches, and headaches. In rare cases, stimulants can increase heart rate or blood pressure, so regular monitoring is essential.
- Non-stimulants: These medications can cause fatigue, low blood pressure, and mood swings. Since non-stimulants work more slowly, their side effects might be less intense but still noticeable.
Side effects often diminish as your body adjusts to the medication, but if they persist, your doctor may adjust the dose or suggest trying a different medication.
New and Emerging ADHD Treatments
Recent advancements in ADHD treatments have provided more options for adults seeking non-stimulant medications. For example, Qelbree is a newer non-stimulant medication that has shown promise for both children and adults. Additionally, medications like Azstarys, a central nervous system stimulant, and Jornay PM, which is taken in the evening for next-day control of ADHD symptoms, offer new approaches to managing the disorder.
Beyond Medication: A Holistic Approach to ADHD
While medications are a cornerstone of ADHD treatment, they are most effective when combined with other strategies, such as:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps individuals develop skills to manage the emotional and behavioral challenges of ADHD.
- Lifestyle Changes: Regular exercise, proper nutrition, and sufficient sleep can enhance the effectiveness of medication.
- Organizational Tools: Many adults with ADHD benefit from using planners, reminders, and apps to stay organized and on track.
Also read: 5 Key Things Everyone Should Know About ADHD
Conclusion
Choosing the right ADHD medication can feel like a daunting process, but with guidance from a healthcare professional, many adults find relief from their symptoms. Whether through stimulants, non-stimulants, or a combination of treatments, there is hope for managing ADHD effectively. Each person’s journey with ADHD is unique, and finding the right treatment plan often requires patience and persistence.